Maternal morbidity in emergency lower segment cesarean section

Background: With a steep fall in maternal mortality and morbidity and with much more liberalization of indications, the incidence of cesarean section rate has greatly increased over the last thirty years and almost doubled in the current decade. The objective of this study was to study incidence of maternal morbidity in emergency lower segment cesarean section.Methods: Hospital based prospective study was carried out among 200 women undergoing emergency lower segment cesarean section. Data relating to demographic characteristics, clinical characteristics, maternal and fetal indications, incidence of morbidity, and types of morbidities, Intra operative complications, and Post operative complications was noted down. Chi square and odds ratio was used for statistical analysis.Results: The incidence of LSCS was 24.21%. Incidence of emergency LSCS was 96.74%. 71% were having primary LSCS and 20.5% were booked cases. The most common maternal indication for emergency LSCS was pregnancy induced hypertension and eclampsia in 32.5% of the cases. The most common fetal indication for emergency LSCS was fetal distress in 60%. Incidence of morbidity was 35% and it was associated with booking status, parity and social class. Incidence of intraoperative complications was 23.5%. Majority (18.5%) developed febrile morbidity followed by wound sepsis in 12.5%, urinary tract infection in 8%, mastitis in 7.5%, respiratory tract infection in 7%, wound gaping in 4%, paralytic ileus in 3%, endometritis in 2.5%, postpartum hemorrhage in 1.5%, 2 cases of burst abdomen and one case of small bowel obstruction.Conclusions: Emergency LSCS was more common than elective LSCS and it was associated with booking status, parity and social class

Social-sine cosine algorithm-based cross layer resource allocation in wireless network

Cross layer resource allocation in the wireless networks is approached traditionally either by communications networks or information theory. The major issue in networking is the allocation of limited resources from the users of network. In traditional layered network, the resource are allocated at medium access control (MAC) and the network layers uses the communication links in bit pipes for delivering the data at fixed rate with the occasional random errors. Hence, this paper presents the cross-layer resource allocation in wireless network based on the proposed social-sine cosine algorithm (SSCA). The proposed SSCA is designed by integrating social ski driver (SSD) and sine cosine algorithm (SCA). Also, for further refining the resource allocation scheme, the proposed SSCA uses the fitness based on energy and fairness in which max-min, hard-fairness, proportional fairness, mixed-bias and the maximum throughput is considered. Based on energy and fairness, the cross-layer optimization entity makes the decision on resource allocation to mitigate the sum rate of network. The performance of resource allocation based on proposed model is evaluated based on energy, throughput, and the fairness. The developed model achieves the maximal energy of 258213, maximal throughput of 3.703, and the maximal fairness of 0.868, respectively

A Randomised, Double Blind, Comparative, Prospective, Parallel Group Study of Oral Probiotics in Female Patients with Urogenital Infections

INTRODUCTION: The urogenital microflora of a healthy woman comprises approximately 50 species of organisms, that differs in composition according to the reproductive stages and exposure to several factors, including antibiotics and spermicides. Urogenital infections include those that affect the urethra, urinary bladder, vagina and cervix and constitute a worldwide problem that affects more than 300 million women/year. Common urogenital infections include bacterial vaginosis (BV), vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC/yeast vaginitis), and urinary tract infections (UTI). At the time of infection in the bladder and vagina, the urogenital flora is often dominated by the infecting pathogens, in contrast with healthy phases when indigenous organisms dominate. Although antimicrobial therapy is generally effective at eradicating these infections, there is still a high incidence of recurrence. The patient's quality of life is affected and there is a cycle of repeated antimicrobial agents whose effectiveness is diminishing due to increasing development of microbial resistance. There is now growing evidence that certain species and strains present in the healthy urogenital tract protect the host against infection by pathogenic microorganisms. The dominant presence of lactobacilli in the urogenital microflora of healthy women and the obliteration of lactobacilli in patients who develop UTI, BV, and many other genital infections has led to a focus on these bacteria. OBJECTIVES: 1. To evaluate the efficacy of probiotics as integral therapy with conventional treatment in the following female urogenital infections: Bacterial vaginosis (BV), Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC or yeast vaginitis), and Urinary tract infection (UTI). 2. To evaluate the tolerability of probiotics. METHODOLOGY: Study Centre: Department of Female Urology and Urogynaecology, Government Kasturba Gandhi Hospital for Women and Children, Triplicane, Chennai -5. Study Design: Randomised, Double blind, Comparative, Prospective, Parallel group study. Study Phase: Phase - IV- Clinical Study. Study Duration: Eight weeks. Study Period: September 2005 to August 2006. Study Population: Patients attending the outpatient clinic of the Department of Female Urology and Urogynaecology, Government Kasturba Gandhi Hospital for Women and Children with urinary tract infections, bacterial vaginosis or vulvo vaginal candidiasis fulfilling the recruitment criteria were considered for the study. Inclusion Criteria: 1. Females in the reproductive age group from 18 to 45 years. 2. Patients with history of symptoms consistent with diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis like abnormal, profuse, white and homogenous vaginal discharge confirmed by an elevated vaginal pH >4.5 and Gram staining of vaginal discharge showing few or absent lactobacilli (long Gram positive rods) with greatly increased number of small Gram negative or Gram variable rods or both. 3. Patients with history of symptoms consistent with diagnosis of vulvovaginal candidiasis like itching, burning, irritation, edema and or excoriation of the vagina or vulva with a white, creamy and curdy (cottage cheese like) vaginal discharge confirmed by 10% KOH preparation revealing yeast forms (Hyphae or pseudohyphae or budding yeasts). 4. Patients with history of symptoms consistent with diagnosis of lower urinary tract infections (UTI) like fever, frequency and urgency of micturition, dysuria, foul-smelling urine, supra pubic pain, vomiting, irritability and scalding pain in the urethra during micturition and the clinical diagnosis confirmed by microscopic examination of urine and mid stream urine culture positive for pathogenic bacteria. Exclusion Criteria: 1. Pregnant and lactating women. 2. Patients with history of antibiotic administration in the past one month. 3. Patients with history of probiotic or synbiotic administration in the past three months. 4. Patients with history of vaginal discharge due to other causes like stricture, fistula, congenital abnormality and malignancy. 5. Patients with clinically significant renal, hepatic, cardiovascular, haematopoetic, pulmonary, gastrointestinal, nervous or endocrine disorders except uncomplicated diabetes mellitus. 6. Patients with history of surgery in urogenital system except episiotomy and tubectomy. 7. Patients with vaginal or cervical smear negative for pathogenic organisms. RESULTS: A total of 580 patients were screened for the study. Among them, 252 patients were enrolled. Only 122 patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were divided in to three groups based on the type of urogenital infection - GROUP I: Patients with bacterial vaginosis (50 patients), GROUP II: Patients with vulvovaginal candidiasis (30 patients), GROUP III: Patients with urinary tract infection (42 patients). Patients of each group were randomly allocated to subgroups A or B to receive either of the two study therapies –either integral therapy of probiotics with conventional treatment (subgroup A) or placebo with conventional treatment (subgroup B). Each 150mg capsule of the probiotic mixture had a minimum of 5 billion CFU of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 and Lactobacillus reuteri RC-14 in equal proportions. The placebo was microcrystalline cellulose. Twenty-four patients of group IA and twenty-three patients of group IB completed the study. Fifteen patients of group II A and fifteen patients of group II B completed the study. Twenty-one patients of group III A and twenty patients of group III B completed the study. There were four-drop outs (1 patient in group IA, 2 patients in group I B and 1 patient in group III B). Drop out patients of group I A, III B and one patient of group I B refused to take the medication and did not return after the second visit. One patient of group I B had intercurrent illness and discontinued from the intervention. The following flow chart explains the progress of participants through the trial. CONCLUSION: The eight week, randomised, double blind, comparative, prospective, parallel group study of two-strain combination of oral probiotics – Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 and Lactobacillus reuteri RC-14 as integral therapy with conventional treatment in female urogenital infections showed: 1. Significant therapeutic effect in the management of Bacterial vaginosis (BV), 2. The combination therapy was not significant in the management of Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC or yeast vaginitis) and Urinary tract infection (UTI). 3. Oral urogenital probiotic strains - Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 and Lactobacillus reuteri RC-14 were found to be safe and well tolerated

FADE SLOPE ESTIMATION USING TIME DOMAIN METHOD

An analysis is made of the measured distributions of the fade slope of rain attenuation, conditional for attenuation values, measured at Eindhoven University of Technology from the satellite Olympus. It is found that the distribution is similar for positive and negative fade slopes and independent of frequency in the range from 12 to 30 GHz. A distribution model for the conditional distribution is found. The only parameter of the distribution is the standard deviation, which is found to be proportional to attenuation level and dependent on rain type, on the low-pass filter bandwidth and on the time interval used in the slope calculation. The observed relation between the standard deviation and attenuation is compared with results from other measurement sites. From this comparison it is found that the fade slope standard deviation is likely to depend on elevation angle and on climate, through its dependence on rain type

U-Capkidnets++-: A Novel Hybrid Capsule Networks with Optimized Deep Feed Forward Networks for an Effective Classification of Kidney Tumours Using CT Kidney Images

Chronic Kidney Diseases (CKD) has become one among the world wide health crisis and needs the associated efforts to prevent the complete organ damage. A considerable research effort has been put forward onto the effective seperation and classification of kidney tumors from the kidney CT Images. Emerging machine learning along with deep learning algorithms have waved the novel paths of tumor detections. But these methods are proved to be laborious and its success rate is purely depends on the previous experiences. To achieve the better classification and segmentation of tumors, this paper proposes the hybrid ensemble of visual capsule networks in U-NET deep learning architecture and w deep feed-forward extreme learning machines. The proposed framework incorporates the data-preprocessing powerful data augmentation, saliency tumor segmentation (STS) followed by the classification phase. Furthermore, classification levels are constructed based upon the feed forward extreme learning machines (FFELM) to enhance the effectiveness of the suggested model .The extensive experimentation has been conducted to evaluate the efficacy of the recommended structure and matched with the other prevailing hybrid deep learning model. Experimentation demonstrates that the suggested model has showed the superior predominance over the other models and exhibited DICE co-efficient of kidney tumors as high as 0.96 and accuracy of 97.5 %respectively

Medicinal properties of some Dendrobium orchids – A review

 Orchids are known for their aesthetic qualities, and they are often used as decorative items in homes, offices, and public places. While most people admire them for their good looks, others have found practical uses for them. Since a long time ago, people from various parts of the world have used orchids for medicinal purposes. However, the use of orchids in medicine has declined over the years because not enough research has been done to determine their effectiveness and adverse effects

Crptography based Lifi for Patient Privacy and Emergency Health Service Using IOT

Medical care is one such region, where WIFI is as yet not utilized as the electromagnetic waves influences patients with sicknesses like neurological problems, diseases and so forth. Accordingly, LIFI can be respected the following large thing, as it represents no gamble to patients and offers more advantages than WIFI, such as faster speeds and a larger spectrum. The only issue that hospitals have while exchanging data through it is ensuring confidentiality. The methodology proposed here leverages Secure Hash Algorithms to give maximum security as a solution to this challenge. The Secure Hash Algorithm is a bonus feature that is mostly utilised for authentication. IoT connects physical devices such as sensors and actuators to networks. The programming routines can be visualised from any location thanks to cloud storage. These algorithms can be employed in a variety of applications, including smart homes, digital technologies, and banking systems. This research presents a model that takes into account a human's heart rate, glucose level, and temperature. In the even to fan emergency, adjacent hospitals are alerted to the patient's condition, allowing them to provide timely and correct care. This will save you from having to go to the hospital. Temperature, blood pressure, heart rate, gas sensor, and fall detection are among the vital signs monitored by the system. An Arduino controller and a GSM900Amodule make up the system design. The monitored values can be supplied via mobile phones, and if an abnormal state is detected, the buzzer is activated, and the information is communicated to the concerned members via the mobile app

Relating a Spectral Index from MODIS and Tower-based Measurements to Ecosystem Light Use Efficiency for a Fluxnet-Canada Coniferous Forest

As part of the North American Carbon Program effort to quantify the terrestrial carbon budget of North America, we have been examining the possibility of retrieving ecosystem light use efficiency (LUE, the carbon sequestered per unit photosynthetically active radiation) directly from satellite observations. Our novel approach has been to compare LUE derived from tower fluxes with LUE estimated using spectral indices computed from MODIS satellite observations over forests in the Fluxnet-Canada Research Network, using the MODIS narrow ocean bands acquired over land. We matched carbon flux data collected around the time of the MODIS mid-day overpass for over one hundred relatively clear days in five years (2001-2006) from a mature Douglas fir forest in British Columbia. We also examined hyperspectral reflectance data collected diurnally from the tower in conjunction with the eddy correlation fluxes and meteorological measurements made throughout the 2006 growing season at this site. The tower-based flux data provided an opportunity to examine diurnal and seasonal LUE processes and their relationship to spectral indices at the scale of the forest stand. We evaluated LUE in conjunction with the Photochemical Reflectance Index (PRI), a normalized difference spectral index that uses 531 nm and a reference band to capture responses to high light induced stress afforded by the xanthophyll cycle. Canopy structure information, retrieved from airborne laser scanning radar (LiDAR) observations, was used to partition the forest canopy into sunlit and shaded fractions throughout the day, on numerous days during 2006. At each observation period throughout a day, the PRI was examined for the sunlit, shaded, and intermediate canopy segments defined by their instantaneous position relative to the solar principal plane (SPP). The sunlit sector was associated with the illumination "hotspot" (the reflectance backscatter maximum), the shaded sector with the "cold or dark spot" (the reflectance forward scatter minimum), while the intermediate, mixed sunlit/shade sector was located in the cross-plane to the SPP. The PRI indices clearly captured the differences in leaf groups, with sunlit foliage exhibiting the lowest values on sunny days throughout the 2006 season. When tower-based canopy-level LUE was recalculated to estimate foliage-based values (LUE(sub foilage) for the three foliage groups under their incident light environments, a strong linear relationship for PRI:LUE(sub foilage) was demonstrated (0.6 less than or equal to r(sup 2) less than or equal to 0.8, n=822, P<0.0001). The MODIS data represent relatively large areas when acquired at nadir (approx.1 sq km) or at variable off-nadir view angles (greater than or equal to 1 sq km) looking forward or aft. Nevertheless, a similar relationship between MODIS PRI and tower-based LUE was obtained from satellite observations (r(sup 2) = 0.76, n=105, P= 0.026) when the azimuth offsets from the SPP for off-nadir observations were considered. At this relatively high latitude of 50 degrees, the MODIS directional observations were offset from the SPP by approximately 50 degrees, but still represented backscatter or forward scatter sectors of the bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF). The backscatter observations sampled the sunlit forest and provided lower PRI values, in general, than the forward scatter observations from the shaded forest. Since the hotspot and darkspot were not typically directly observed, the dynamic range for MODIS PRI was less than that observed in the SPP at the canopy level; therefore, MODIS PRI values were more similar to those observed in sifu in the BRDF cross-plane. While not ideal in terms of spatial resolution or optimal viewing configuration, the MODIS observations nevertheless provide a means to monitor forest under stress using narrow spectral band indices and off-nadir observations. This research has stimulated several spin-off studies for remote sensinf LUE, and demonstrates the importance of the connection between ecosystem structure and physiological function

Comparing Evapotranspiration from Eddy Covariance Measurements, Water Budgets, Remote Sensing, and Land Surface Models over Canada

This study compares six evapotranspiration ET products for Canada’s landmass, namely, eddy covariance EC measurements; surface water budget ET; remote sensing ET from MODIS; and land surface model (LSM) ET from the Community Land Model (CLM), the Ecological Assimilation of Land and Climate Observations (EALCO) model, and the Variable Infiltration Capacity model (VIC). The ET climatology over the Canadian landmass is characterized and the advantages and limitations of the datasets are discussed. The EC measurements have limited spatial coverage, making it difficult for model validations at the national scale. Water budget ET has the largest uncertainty because of data quality issues with precipitation in mountainous regions and in the north. MODIS ET shows relatively large uncertainty in cold seasons and sparsely vegetated regions. The LSM products cover the entire landmass and exhibit small differences in ET among them. Annual ET from the LSMs ranges from small negative values to over 600 mm across the landmass, with a countrywide average of 256 ± 15 mm. Seasonally, the countrywide average monthly ET varies from a low of about 3 mm in four winter months (November–February) to 67 ± 7 mm in July. The ET uncertainty is scale dependent. Larger regions tend to have smaller uncertainties because of the offset of positive and negative biases within the region. More observation networks and better quality controls are critical to improving ET estimates. Future techniques should also consider a hybrid approach that integrates strengths of the various ET products to help reduce uncertainties in ET estimation

Organic Black Pepper

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